The term 'stress' is used in a variety of ways, often synonymously with pressure. Understanding of stress has developed from both medical and psychological research. Originally it was viewed from an engineering perspective and seen as an external force on the person giving rise to strain and finally permanent damage. It is now widely viewed as the physiological or psychological reaction which occurs when individuals meet a threat or challenge and the individuals perceive, consciously or subconsciously, that it is beyond their immediate capacity. Long-term, unacceptably high levels of threat lead to chronic conditions which we know as stress. Physical, mental, emotional and behavioural reactions can result.

In recent years organizations have become much more aware of the need to help employees manage stress. Help has taken a number of different forms, ranging from counselling to cope with post-traumatic stress to stress prevention by creating a healthy environment, staff development and organizational development. However, attention is likely to be focused on these issues still more strongly given the recent trend towards litigation by employees against employers in connection with work-related illnesses, especially in the USA. Stress is likely to remain a critical issue from an individual, team and organizational perspective.

Jane Cranwell-Ward